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 EVENTNAME165001;「呪われし王」テクレ･ハイマノート;The accursed;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165001;皇帝イヤスI世は愛妾の死を嘆き、帝位を放棄しないまま、タナ湖の島にある修道院に隠棲した。彼の妻マラカタウィトは彼の不在を利用して、息子のテクレ･ハイマノートを皇帝レウル･サガドとして即位させた。イヤス帝が隠遁生活から戻った時、この不自然な状況は、テクレ･ハイマノートが実父の殺害を命じたことで解決した。かくも敬愛された君主を殺したことに対する憤怒は大変なもので、テクレ･ハイマノートは呪われた人物というレッテルを貼られた。皇后の関与と、他の皇族が彼を承認したことは、ソロモン朝のイメージを修復不可能なほどに損なった。;Saddened by the death of his favourite concubine, Iyasu retired to a monastery in an island of the Tana lake, without renouncing the crown. His absence was used by his wife Malakatawit to crown his son, Tekle Haymanot, as emperor Leul Sagad. When Iyasu emerged from his retirement, the awkward situation was solved by Tekle Haymanot ordering the murder of his own father. The outrage for the killing of such beloved monarch was great, and his son was labelled as cursed. The involvement of the empress and his acceptance by other members of the family, irreparably damaged the image of the Solomonic dynasty.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165001A;イヤス帝は殺された;Iyasu has been killed;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165002;王妃メントワーブの影響力;Consort Mentewwab's Influence;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165002;ヨストス帝の後、ソロモン朝が復活した。1730年、ベカファ帝の王妃メントワーブは王座の背後で実権を握ろうとして、一族と輔臣の小集団の中で権力を独占し、続くイヤスII世とヨアスI世の治世における政策決定のほとんどを支配することに成功した。継続的で安定した雰囲気の中で、文化は花開き、クスカム教会のような有名な諸教会が建てられた。;After Yostos, the Solomonic were restored. In 1730, Mentewwab, a female consort to emperor Bakaffa, consolidated imperial power into her small group of family and advisors to become the primary power behind the throne, successfully orchestrating most policy decisions for successive emperors Iyasu II and Iyoas I. In an atmosphere of continuity and stability, culture blossomed and famous churches such as Qwesqwam were constructed.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165002A;繁栄はここにあり!;Prosperity is here!;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165003;ゼメネ･メサフィント(諸侯の時代);Zemene Mesafint;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165003;ヨアス帝は陰の実力者ミカエル･セフルを追放しようと試みたが、ミカエルがオロモ人将軍ファルシルを打ち負かしたため、この計画は自身に跳ね返った。ミカエル･セフルはこの件を廷臣会議に持ち込み、エチオピア史上初めて皇帝が退位させられた。皇帝を不可侵と考えていた廷臣会議によるこの解決策を喜ばなかったミカエルは、ヨアス帝を絞殺し、遺体をバラバラにして捨てた。彼はその後、ウェフニ山から救い出した軽い障害を持つイヤスの息子を、ヨハニスII世として即位させた。4ヵ月後、ヨハニスII世がミカエルの命令に従うことを拒否したため、ミカエルは彼を毒殺し、15歳の少年テクレ･ハイマノートを即位させて傀儡とした。こうした試練の後、この国の誰もが、ソロモン朝を神聖な存在として考え続けることができなくなった。人々は納税を拒否し、領主達はそれぞれの傀儡を即位させようと企て、周縁地域は主権を認めることを拒否した…。国家は、皇帝が季節ごとに交代するような、ゼメネ･メサフィント(諸侯の時代)に陥った。これは1855年まで続いた。;Emperor Iyoas tried to get rid of Mikael Sehul, but the plan backfired when Mikael defeated Oromo general Farsil. Mikael Sehul brought the matter to the Council and, for the first time in Ethiopian history, had the emperor deposed. Not happy with the solution of the Council, that considered the emperor untouchable, he had Iyoas strangled and his body abandoned to the elements. He then crowned a severely handicapped son of Iyasu that he rescued from Mount Wehni, Yohannes II. When four months later he refused to obey his orders, he had him poisoned, crowning next a 15 year-old boy, Tekle Haymanot, whom he kept as a captive. After that ordeal, nobody in the country could continue looking to the Solomonic dynasty as divine. People refused to pay taxes, warlords attempted to have their puppet crowned, peripheral regions refused to acknowledge any authority... The country plunged into the Zemene Mesafint, the Era of the Princes, when emperors changed with the seasons. It would last only until 1855.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165003A;君主の力が弱まる;Regnal power diminishes;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165005;反ファラシャ(ユダヤ人)運動;Campaign against Falashas;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165005;ファラシャとはユダヤ教徒のエチオピア人のことである(現在も存在する)。彼らの起源は未だ不明だが、初期キリスト教からユダヤ教に改宗した、イスラエルの失われた部族もしくはエチオピア人のどちらかである。彼らは常に、イスラムに包囲された正教徒から格好の標的と見なされた。恒常的な反ファラシャ運動は、彼らの数を大きく減らすという点で成功した。;The Falashas were (still are) Jewish Ethiopians. Their origen is still debated, wether they are a lost tribe of Israel or Ethiopians converted from an archaic form of Christianity to Judaism. In any case they constituted a likely target to the belaguered Orthodox Christians surrounded by Islam. The continues campaigns against the Falashas were succesful in greatly reducing their numbers.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165005A;我が聖職者達の望みだ;Our clergy demands it;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165005B;信仰は自由だ;Religious freedom;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165006;クワスタンティノスI世(ザラ･ヤコブ)の戴冠;The crowning of Qwastantinos I;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165006;ザラ･ヤコブ(ヤコブの子孫の意)は、先帝ハセイ･ダーウィート(ダヴィド)II世の3人目の妻の王子であった。彼は王座から遠ざけられたが、異母兄数人と甥の一人が死去したことで、最上位の後継者となった。というのも、ソロモン朝の継承規則は厳密ではなく、後継者を先帝の子孫全てから選んでよいことになっていたからだ。1434年に即位した彼は、ビザンツ皇帝に倣った伝統に従い、皇帝として新たにクワスタンティノスという名を名乗った。2年後、彼はネグセ･ネゲスト(王の中の王、もしくは皇帝)として古都アクスムで戴冠と聖別を行い、また在位中の名前アムダ･セヨン(シオンの柱の意)を授かった。彼は2人目の妻として、ハディヤのエチオピア人ムスリム王の娘と結婚した。彼女は正教に改宗した後、皇后としてエレニという名を授かった(これもビザンツ皇后に倣ってのことであった)。クワスタンティノスとエレニの二人は、帝国内部の諸王国を犠牲にして、エチオピアを全盛期に導いたのであった。;Zara Yaqob (the seed of Jacob) was a prince by the third wife of late Emperor Hasei Dawit (David) II. He was far removed from the throne, but the death of several of his half-brothers and one of his nephews left him as the best candidate, since the inheritance to the throne of Solomon does not follow a strict rule, and the heir can be chosen between all the descendants of the late Emperor. Upon ascending to the throne in 1434, according to tradition the prince chose a new name as emperor, Qwastantinos, in imitation of the Byzantine emperor. Two years later he was crowned and consacrated at Aksum, the old capital, as Neguse Negest (King of Kings, or Emperor), receiving also his throne name, Amda Seyum (the pillar of Zion). For his second wife he married the daughter of the Ethiopian Muslim king of Hadiya. After her conversion to Orthodoxy she received the empress name of Eleni, also in imitation of the Byzantine empress. Both Qwastantinos and Eleni would lead Ethiopia to the pinnacle of her power at the expense of the kingdoms within the empire.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165006A;偉大な君主だ;A great ruler;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165007;フィレンツェ公会議;The Council of Florence;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165007;エチオピア単性論正教会は、アレキサンドリア総主教区の代表団の一員として、東西教会の再統一を目的としたフィレンツェ公会議に招待された。エチオピアの代表者達は1441年までフィレンツェに到着しなかったが、彼らは皆がプレスター･ジョンのことを尋ねてくることに驚かされた(その称号は明らかに、エチオピア皇帝の数ある称号には含まれていなかった)。その後、ザラ･ヤコブ帝はこの機に乗じ、1450年に欧州に向けて別の外交使節団を派遣した。彼は教皇ニコラウスV世から、聖ステファノ円形教会をローマのエチオピア教会として寄進された。また彼は、当時東地中海におけるキリスト教徒の王者であったアラゴン王アルフォンソV世と交流し、職人の一団を派遣してもらうよう求めた。アルフォンソは共感を示したが、到着までの安全を保証するよう求めた。というのも、以前イェシャク帝の時代に派遣した一団が、旅の途中で全員ムスリムに殺されてしまっていたからだ。;The Ethiopian Tewahedo Orthodox Church was invited to participate as part of the delegation of the Patriarchate of Alexandria in the Council of Florence, that attempted the reunion of the Eastern and Western churches. The Ethiopian delegates did not arrived to Florence until 1441, and they were very surprised when everybody asked them about a Prester John that was clearly not one of the many titles of the King of Kings. Afterwards Zara Yaqob took the opportunity to send another diplomatic mission to Europe in 1450. He obtained from Pope Nicholas V the dedication of St. Stefano Rotondo as an Ethiopian Church in Rome. He also communicated with Alfonso V of Aragon, then champion of Christians in the Oriental Mediterranean, asking for a group of artisans. Alfonso was sympathetic, but asked for guaranties of safe arrival since a previous group, solicited in times of Yeshaq, had all perished at the hands of Muslims during the trip.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165007A;使節を送る;Send the ambassadors;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165008;ムスリムの侵食;Muslim encroachment;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165008;エチオピアのキリスト教徒は、7世紀にわたりイスラム教に抵抗してきた。彼らは自国の山がちな地形と、特段強力なムスリムの隣国が存在しないという事実に助けられた。しかし数世紀を経て、ムスリム信仰は、7つの王国(イファット、ダワロ、アルバビニ、ハディヤ、シャカラ、バレ、ダラ)がムスリム化するほどに浸透してしまった。アダルの勢力増大に伴い、エチオピアは断続的な侵攻にさらされるようになった。多くのエチオピア人ムスリムが侵略側に味方したため、これは極めて危険となった。アウェン(アルウェ、野獣)とあだ名されたスルタン･シハブ･バドライに至っては、遠征を行ってエチオピアからバレを奪い取り、さらにダワロも手に入れようとした。ザラ･ヤコブ帝は挑戦を受けて立ち、ゴミトの戦いではバドライの首元にその槍を突き立てた、と伝えられている。ザラ･ヤコブはその後、バドライの遺体を切り刻み、王国内の全都市に配るよう命じた。バレを奪回し、アダルとその同盟軍を粉砕したことで、エチオピアは時間を稼いだ。;The Christians in Ethiopia had been resisting Islam for seven centuries. They were helped by the mountainous topography of their country and by the fact that none of their Muslim neighbours was specially powerful. However over the centuries, Muslim faith had infiltrated Ethiopia to the point that seven of its kingdoms had become Muslim: Ifat, Dawaro, Arbabini, Hadiya, Shakara, Bale and Dara. With the rise in power of Adal, Ethiopia became subject to periodic invasions, that were made extremely dangerous because many Muslim Ethiopians would side with the invader. That was the case of sultan Shihab Badlay, known as the Beast (Awen) Badlay, who in one campaing wrestled Bale from Ethiopia, and in another tried to do the same with Dawaro. Zara Yaqob met the challenge, and at the battle of Gomit it is told that he trespassed Badlay's neck with his lance. He then ordered his foe's body cut in pieces that he sent to all the cities in the kingdom. With the recovery of Bale, and the crushing of Adal and her allies, Ethiopia had bough time.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165008A;キリスト教徒の抵抗だ;Christianity resists;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165009;フェサ･ネゲスト(王の法);Fetha Negest;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165009;13世紀にエジプト人コプト派キリスト教徒がアラビア語で書いた、ローマ･ビザンツ･教会の法に基づく法典が、1450年ザラ･ヤコブ帝の命によって翻訳された。それから彼はその一部を王国に適用し始め、例えば、どの案件を地元支配者が処理するか、それとも中央政府が処理するかを判定する法官を任命した。この法令は大成功を収め、法典はフェサ･ネゲスト(王の法)の名で受け入れられた。1563年には、この法典は1931年までエチオピアの憲法となる。フェサ･ネゲストは、帝政エチオピアをその終焉まで特徴づけた封建制度の礎石となった。;A legal code written in the XIII century by a Christian Coptic of Egypt in Arabic, based on Roman, Byzantine and Ecclesiatical law, was translated on the orders of Zara Yaqob in 1450. He then started applying parts of it to his kingdom, and for example appointed legal administrators to decide which cases were to be solved by local governors and which by central government. The measures were very succesful, and the code received the name of ''Laws of the Kings'' or Fetha Negest. In 1563 it will become the constitution of Ethiopia until 1931. The Fetha Negest was a cornerstone of the Feudal system that characterized imperial Ethiopia until its end.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165009A;施行する;Enforce it;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165009B;古い慣習を保つ;Old customs instead;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165010;狂信;Religious zealotry;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165010;ある観点から見れば、ザラ･ヤコブは偉大な改革者だったが、真にエチオピアを方向付けたのはその宗教であり、ザラ･ヤコブ帝は全く敬虔な人物であった。アレクサンドリア総主教座とのかぼそい接触した持たなかった数世紀の孤立の後、エチオピア正教はいくつかの論点について分裂するようになっていた。ザラ･ヤコブはエチオピア教会も統一しようとして、全教会に聖母信仰を強制した。彼は飽くことなく、他宗教やあらゆる種類の逸脱･異端を迫害し、邪神崇拝の嫌疑で他の多くの人々と一緒に実娘3人に死刑を宣告さえした(彼には54人以上の子供がいた)。この例は臣民に強い印象を与え、それ以降彼は聖人と見なされるようになった。;In some aspects, Zara Yaqob was a great reformer, but what really defined Ethiopia was its religion, and the Negus was a profoundly religious man. Over centuries of isolation, with only a tenuous connection with the Patriarch in Alexandria, the Orthodox in Ethiopia had become split over several questions. Zara Yaqob sought to unify also the Ethiopian Church and imposed the cult of the Virgin Mary in all the churches. He indefatigably prosecuted other religions and all forms of deviations and heresies, to the point of putting to death three of his own daughters (he had over 54 offspring) together with many others on suspicion of idolatry. The example strongly impressed his subjects, that from then on considered him a saint.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165010A;ユダヤ教徒、ムスリム、異教徒、異端者、娘を殺せ…;Kill Jews, Muslims, heathens, heretics, daughters...;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165010B;皆に信仰の自由を;Religious freedom for all;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165011;首都デブレ･ベルハン;Debre Berhan;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165011;宮廷と軍の人員は数千を数えたが、エチオピアには彼らの食料と燃料の需要を4ヶ月以上賄う余裕がなく、そのため皇帝は宮廷を巡回させ続け、土地を回復させるため10年は同じ場所に戻れなかった。だが、異端者の一団を投石刑で殺した一ヵ月後のある夜、空に明るい光が現れた。ハレー彗星の来訪を神の到着と解釈したザラ･ヤコブ帝は、特定の地点に宮廷を固定することを決意した。彼は2つの教会と宮殿を立て、エチオピア初の首都デブレ･ベルハンを築いた。ヤコブの息子バエダ･マーリャームが巡回制度の復活を決めるまで、この街は四半世紀にわたり繁栄を続けた。その後、デブレ･ベルハンは小さな村落に戻った。;The imperial court and the army numbered several thousands, and no place in Ethiopia could support their needs for food and firewood for more than four months, and therefore the emperors kept an itinerant court that could not return to the same place for 10 years, to allow for its recovery. But one night, a month after a group of heretics had been stoned to death, a bright light appeared in the sky. Interpreting the visit of Halley's Comet as God's approval, Zara Yaqob decided to place his capital on that particular spot. He built two churches and a palace, creating the first capital of Ethiopia, Debre Berhan. The city continued to flourish for a quarter of a century, until Yaqob's son, Baeda Maryam, decided to resume itinerancy. Afterwards Debre Berhan turned into a small village.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165011A;真新しい首都だ;A brand new capital;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165012;余が偏執的だ、ということは…;The fact that I am paranoid doesn't mean...;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165012;ザラ･ヤコブ帝は晩年、ますます暴虐かつ偏執的になった。彼はあらゆる反対者を殺害し始めた。家族が彼を殺そうとしているという疑念は、彼の息子ガラウデウォスとラス･ビトウォダッド(大公)のイヤススが1437年に企てた宮廷反乱(これは彼らの監禁という結果に終わった)に基づいていた。しかし、晩年の彼はあらゆる人々を疑い始め、息子達や娘達の一部や、妻の一人に対して鞭打ち刑を命ずるまでに至った。皇后セユン･モガッサはこのために死亡した。彼女は後継者の母であったので、この事件は面倒なことになった。教会は親子間の亀裂を修復できたけれども、母の死は、将来の王にとって重大な帰結をもたらすことになった。というのも、彼女は宮廷の希望を満たすにあたって重要な役割を果たしていたからだ。;In his later years, Zara Yaqob became increasingly despotic and paranoid. He started killing anybody that opposed him. The suspicion that his family wanted to remove him was based in an attempted coup by his son Galawdewos and his Ras Bitwodad (Grand Duke) Iyasus in 1437 that resulted in their imprisonment. However in his later years, he started to become suspicious of everybody, and he ended ordering the beating of several of his sons, daughters and one of his wives, Empress Seyun Mogassa, who died as a result. The matter was further complicated because she was the mother of the heir. Although the church was able to repair the rift between father and son, the death of the mother of the future negus would have important consequences, as she had an important role to fulfill in the imperial court.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165012A;皆、余には従わないという意味だ;They are after me;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165012B;余は狂ってしまったということか?;What am I, crazy?;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165013;ペロ･ダ･コヴィリャン、プレスター･ジョンの宮廷へ行く;Pero da Covilha in the court of Prester John;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165013;ポルトガル王ジョアンII世は1487年、バルトロメウ･ディアスに海路でのアフリカ周航を命じたが、王は信頼する諜報機関の長で外交官であるペロ･ダ･コヴィリャンに対しても、陸路インドとプレスター･ジョンの王国に向かうよう命じた。流暢なアラビア語を操るペロ･ダ･コヴィリャンは、仲間と共にメッカに旅した。彼はそこから、潮流や風向き、様々な香辛料の産地について学びつつ、一人でゴアとカリカットに向かった。彼はその後海路に戻った。そこから彼は王に対し、入手した情報にインドへの最良の航路についての助言を添えて送ってから、アデン、ホルムズ、アダル沿岸のゼイラに旅を続けた。1490年、彼は最終的にエチオピアに到着し、エスカンデル皇帝に歓迎された。4年間の滞在の後、コヴィリャンがエチオピア皇帝からポルトガル国王への同盟提案を携えて出立の準備をしていた時、エスカンデル帝が亡くなった。皇帝の息子が亡くなった後、彼の弟ナオドが後を継いだ。ナオド帝はペロ･ダ･コヴィリャンに対し、王国の慣習により死ぬまでエチオピアに留まらねばならない、と告げたが、彼にふんだんな褒賞を与え、また宮廷顧問に登用した。;In 1487 Joao II of Portugal ordered Bartolomeu Dias around Africa by sea, but he also ordered his trusted spymaster and diplomat, Pero da Covilha, to reach India and the kingdom of Prester John by land. Pero da Covilha spoke fluent arabic, and with a companion travelled to Mecca. From there he travelled alone to Goa and Calicut, learning about currents, winds and the origen of the different spices. He then returned to Cairo. From there he forwarded his information together with advise on the best sea-route to India to his king, before continuing to Aden, Ormuz, and Saylac, in the coast of Adal. He finally arrived to Ethiopia in 1490, being well received by Emperor Eskander. After four years of stay, he was preparing his departure, with a proposal of an alliance from the Emperor of Ethiopia to the King of Portugal, when Eskander died. He was succeded by his brother Naod, after the death of his son. Naod informed Pero da Covilha that he would have to remain in Ethiopia for the rest of his life according to the custom of the kingdom, but rewarded him lavishly and named him court advisor.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165013A;彼を宮廷顧問に任命する;Name him court advisor;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165013B;彼を生涯幽閉する;Just lock him for good;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165014;皇后エレニ;Empress Eleni;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165014;エチオピアの新皇帝には、母に皇后の身分を与える慣わしがあった。しかし1468年、バエダ･マーリャーム帝には母がいなかった(父に殺されてしまっていたのだ)。彼は代わりに、父の妻の一人で子供のいないエレニに皇后の身分を与えた。彼女は非凡な女性であった。彼女はムスリムとして育てられたにもかかわらず、キリスト教の教義に精通し、宗教書を執筆したりギリシャ語やアラビア語の書物をゲーズ語(古代エチオピア語)に翻訳することを後援した。彼女は常に宮廷内で影響力を保ち続け、時には共同摂政に任命されもしたが、彼女の役割が決定的なものとなったのは、彼の継孫ナオド帝が没した時の対ムスリム戦においてであった。ナオド帝の長子エガロスはわずか7歳だったが、エレニは彼を即位させた。80歳のこの老皇后はアブナ(正教会の長)の支援を受け、廷臣会議を説得することができたので、9年後にエガロスが成人するまで上級摂政の座に就いた。エレニは老ペロ･ダ･コヴィリャンを王室顧問に任命し、極めて重要な事柄については彼の助言に注意を払った。ペロ･ダ･コヴィリャンは紅海で強まるムスリム勢力と、アダルで得ている交易収入に対する影響を懸念した。彼はエレニに対し、ポルトガルとの同盟を探るよう進言した。エレニはポルトガル王に使節を送ることを決めた。;New Ethiopian Emperors used to crown their mothers as Empresses. But in 1468, Baeda Maryam did not have a mother, since his had been killed by his father. He chose instead to crown another of his father's wives, childless Eleni. She was no ordinary woman. Despite her Muslim upbringing, she became well versed in Christian theology, writing religious books and sponsoring the translation of Greek and Arabic books to Geez. She always remained a very influential figure in court, being named co-regent on several occasions, but her role became critical when her step-grandson Naod died in battle against the Muslims. His oldest son, Egardos was only 7, but Eleni insisted on his crowning. The 80 years old Empress, supported by the Abuna (head of the Orthodox Church), was able to convince the council, and she was made Senior Regent until his coming of age, nine years later. Eleni named old Pero da Covilha royal counselor, and heeded his advice on a very serious matter. Pero was worried about the increased Muslim power in the Red Sea and the effect that trade income was having on Adal. He recommended Eleni to seek an alliance with Portugal. Eleni decided to send an embassy to the King of Portugal.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165014A;素晴らしい摂政だ;An excellent Regent;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165015;ポルトガルの使節;Portuguese ambassadors;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165015;ポルトガル王マヌエルは、紅海を通じた香辛料貿易を妨害することに強い関心を抱いた。1520年、ポルトガル艦隊はアダルのゼイラ港に到着し、砲撃した。彼らはその後エチオピアのマッサワ港に向かい、そこでポルトガルの使節団を下船させた。使節団はエチオピアとの同盟締結を準備していたのだが、タイミングが悪かった。ほぼ百歳だった皇后エレニは罷免されてしまっており、彼女の義理の曾孫である皇帝ダーウィートII世(リブナ･ディンギルの名の方が良く知られている)は、最大の敵であるアダルのイマーム･マフフーズをちょうど殺したところだった。皇帝はエチオピア内部の不穏なムスリムに対し、一連の征伐を成功させ続けていた。ムスリムの脅威を(おそらくは永久に)抑えるべし、という意見に、誰もが納得していたのだ。リブナ･ディンギルは使節団に対して弁明し、エレニの外交官は同盟を締結する権限を持っていないのだ、と言った。使節団はこの国で数年を過ごした後、旅をするには年老いすぎていたペロ･ダ･コヴィリャンに別れを告げ、同地を去った。;King Manuel of Portugal was very interested in preventing spice trade through the Red Sea. In 1520 a Portuguese fleet arrived and bombed Saylac, the port of Adal. They then proceeded to Massawa, the port of Ethiopia, where the Portuguese ambassadors dissembarked. They were prepared to sign an alliance with Ethiopia, but their timing was bad. Almost centenary Eleni had been dismissed, and her step great-grandson, Emperor Dawit II, better known as Lebna Dengel had just killed his main enemy, Imam Mahfuz of Adal. He was continuing a series of succesful campaigns against restless Muslims inside Ethiopia. Everybody was convinced that the Muslim menace had been checked, perhaps for good. Lebna Dengel gave his excuses to the ambassadors but said that Eleni's envoy lacked the authority to sign alliances. After a few years in the country, the ambassadors said goodbye to Pero da Covilha, who was now too old to travel, and left.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165015A;おためごかしを言って追い払う;Dismiss them with good words;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165015B;ポルトガルの属国になる;Become a vassal of Portugal;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165016;死闘;War of extermination;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165016;皇帝リブナ･ディンギル(ダーウィートII世)が1526年にポルトガル使節を追い払ったことは最悪だった。というのもその翌年、アダルが警告もなしに、エチオピア史上類を見ない戦争を仕掛けてきたのだ。エチオピア人からグレイ(左利き)と呼ばれ、配下からはアフマド･アルファトフ(征服者)と呼ばれた謎めいた武人が率いるアダルの軍勢は、オスマン帝国の戦術によって鍛えられ、フリントロック式の火器で武装していた。エチオピア人は優れた戦士だった。高原で勃興した彼らは地上最強の民族の一つであり、数の上では5〜10倍であった。だが彼らは、アダルのより近代的な軍に対し、大きな損害を与えるくらいしかできずに敗北した。そう、彼らは1529年、アワシュ河畔におけるシムブラ･クレの戦いで大敗を喫したのだ。リブナ･ディンギルは騎兵16万と歩兵20万、対するアフマドは騎兵560と兵士12000であった。エチオピア軍はアダルの兵士を5000人殺したが、損失はそれ以上だった。その後アフマドは高原深くにまで侵攻して、1531年にダワロとシェワを攻撃し、その後アムハラ、ラスタ、バラ、ハディヤ、シダモー、グラゲ族を攻撃した。かつてのエチオピアの半分が支配下に入ったことで、アフマドは1535年、北部のティグライに侵攻してこのアクスムの聖都を略奪し、数世紀の間エチオピア皇帝達が戴冠した大聖堂を破壊した。だが、アフマドがエチオピアとアダルの人々に与えた最悪の損害は、人口構成を恒久的に変化させてしまうことであった。アフマドはより大きな隣国への遠征資金を賄うために焦土作戦を取り、土地は荒れるに任され、彼が捕らえたエチオピア人捕虜はムスリムだろうとキリスト教徒だろうと奴隷として売り飛ばされた。彼はキリスト教司祭や尼僧を皆殺しにした。先手を取られ、また火器も欠乏したリブナ･ディンギルは逃亡し、属州を転々として抵抗を組織しようとした。アフマドはキリスト教国の破壊に夢中だったので、和平合意の余地はなかった。リブナ･ディンギルの長子フィクトルは戦死し、末子メナスは捕らえられ、オスマン帝国のイエメン総督に奴隷として送られた。万策尽きたリブナ･ディンギルは、ポルトガルに救援を求めた。こうして彼は自国を救ったが、自らはその結末を見ることなく、逃亡中の1540年、困窮と失意のうちに死んだ。;It was too bad that Lebna Dengel had dismissed the Portuguese ambassadors in 1526, because the next year and without warning Adal had started a war like no other in the history of Ethiopia. Leaded by a mysterious warrior, that the Ethiopians called Gran (Left-handed), and his men called Ahmad al-Fath (the Conqueror), the armies of Adal had been trained in Ottoman tactics, and were armed with flintstock firearms. The Ethiopians were great warriors. Raised in the highlands, they are one of the strongest populations on earth, and their armies were 5 to 10 times superior in numbers. Yet the only thing that they could do against the modern armies of Adal was to make them pay a hefty price for their victories. So they suffered a great defeat at the Awash river in the battle of Shimbra Kure in 1529. Lebna Dengel had 16,000 cavalry and 200,000 infantry against Ahmad 560 cavalry and 12,000 soldiers. Although the Ethiopians were able to kill 5,000 soldiers of Adal, their loses were much higher. Afterwards Ahmad penetrated deep into the highlands, attacking Dawaro and Shewa in 1531, then Amhara, Lasta, Bale, Hadya, Sidama and the Gurage. With half of former Ethiopia under his control, in 1535 Ahmad invaded Tigray in the North, sacking the sacred city of Aksum and destroying the Cathedral were the emperors had been crowned for centuries. But the worst part was the damage inflicted to the people of Ethiopia and Adal by Ahmad, that would change their demography forever. To finance his military campaign against his bigger neighbour, Ahmad used a scorched earth tactic, laying waste to the land and selling every Ethiopian he could capture, Muslim or Christian, as a slave. No Christian priest or nun was left alive by him. Lebna Dengel, outmanoeuvred and out-musketed, fled from one province to another, trying to organize the resistance. There was no possibility of a peace agreement, as Ahmad was bent on the destruction of the Christian country. His elder son, Fiqtor, was killed in battle, and the youngest, Menas, was captured and sent as a slave to the Ottoman overlord of Yemen. In desperation, Lebna Dengel sent a plee for help to the King of Portugal. In doing that, he saved his country, but he would no see the result, as he died on the run, exhausted and miserable in 1540.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165016A;今こそ、我々にはポルトガル人が必要だ;Now we need the Portuguese;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165017;ポルトガルの援軍が到着;Portuguese help arrives;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165017;ポルトガル人達がようやく到着した時、エチオピアは崩壊の瀬戸際にあった。若き皇帝ガローデオス(クローディス)はほんの一握りの忠臣達によってその身を隠されていた。彼の母で皇后のサブラ･ウェンゲルは、デブレ･ダモの山で包囲されていた。ポルトガル王が派遣したのは、高名な探検家ヴァスコ･ダ･ガマの息子でインド副王エステヴァン･ダ･ガマの弟である、クリストヴァン･ダ･ガマであった。彼が連れてきたのは歩兵400人とアルケブス銃兵1000人、および数門の小型砲だったが、アフリカにおいて彼らは全軍にも匹敵した。彼らは時間を無駄にせず、1541年に三度、アフマド･グレイを破った。雨季の後、かさにかかったポルトガル軍はアフマドの軍勢と再び相見えたが、アフマドはオスマン帝国のイエメン総督ザビッド･パシャに臣従を申し出て支援を嘆願し、トルコ兵900人と追加の武器を与えられていた。1542年8月28日のウォフラの戦いで、ポルトガル人ははるかに優勢なアフマドの軍勢に敗北した。半分以上が殺され、怪我をしたクリストヴァンは捕われ、拷問されて結局処刑された。ポルトガル軍が壊滅したと思い込んだアフマドは、トルコ兵のうち600人を別の任務に振り向けたが、その直後にポルトガルの残兵および皇帝ガローデオスの軍隊に鉢合わせることとなった(彼らは備蓄されていた武器で武装していた)。1543年2月21日のワイナ･ダガの戦いは、当初膠着したものの、ポルトガル人は指揮官に復讐を誓っており、アフマドを見つけ出して殺した。アフマドの軍勢は混乱に陥り、完全に壊滅した。このアダル軍の残党はエチオピアを放棄し、ハラールまで潰走した。戦いは続いたが、今やエチオピアの優勢であり、バレは奪回された。;When the Portuguese finally arrived, Ethiopia was in the verge of disintegration. The young Emperor Gelawdewos (Claudius) was on hiding with just a handful of loyals. His mother the Empress Sabla Wengel was under siege at the mountain of Debre Damo. The King of Portugal had sent Cristovao da Gama, son of famous explorer Vasco da Gama and brother of the Viceroy of India, Estevao da Gama. He came with 400 soldiers and 1000 arquebuses, plus some small cannons, but in Africa they were the equivalent of a full army. They didn't lose time and defeated Ahmad Gran three times in 1541. After the rainy season they met him again overconfident, but Ahmed had petitioned help to the Ottoman bey of Yemen, Zebid Pasha, offering vassalage, and he was granted 900 Turkish soldiers and additional arms. At the battle of Wofla, on August 28, 1542, the Portuguese were defeated by the far superior army of Ahmad. Over half of them were killed, and the wounded Cristovao was captured, tortured and eventually beheaded. Believing the Portuguese destroyed, Ahmed dismissed 600 of the Ottomans to other duties, but was then confronted by the remaining Portuguese and the army of Gelawdewos, rearmed with the stored weapons. The battle of Wayna-Daga on February 21, 1543, was initially indecisive, but the Portuguese had sworn to avenge their leader, and singling out Ahmad, killed him. His army fell in confusion and was completely destroyed. The remaining of the forces of Adal abandoned Ethiopia and fell back to Harar. The war continued, now favorable to Ethiopia, and Bale was recovered.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165017A;我らの救世主だ;Our saviours;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165018;マッサワの喪失;The loss of Massawa;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165018;ひどい敗北と、1550年にハラールを略奪されたにもかかわらず、アダルはアフマドの甥ヌール･イブン=ムジュタヒドの指導の下に再結集した。彼は1556年、オスマン帝国に共闘を申し込んだ。オズデミル･パシャ率いるオスマン軍は、マッサワ(紅海最良の港で、エチオピアの所有する唯一の港でもあった)を占領した。だがエチオピア皇帝ガローデオスの頑強な抵抗に遭い、エチオピア高原に達することには失敗した。ヌール･イブン=ムジュタヒドの攻撃も同様の失敗を喫し、ワーラシュマ朝アダル王国の最後のスルタン･バラカトも命を落とした。だが、皇帝ガローデオスも戦死し、その首はハラールに持ち帰られた。マッサワ港のオスマン帝国への喪失は、エチオピアにとってひどい破局であった。エチオピアは交易の統制を失い、もはや火器を購入できず、外国からエチオピアに向かう人々は偽装しなければならなくなった。これほどエチオピアが外界から孤立したことは、かつてないことであった。;Despite their severe defeat, and the sacking of Harar in 1550, Adal regrouped under the leadership of Ahmad's nephew, Nur ibn Mujtahid. In 1556 he launched a two front coordinated attack with Ottoman help. The Ottomans, leaded by Ozdemur Pasha, conquered Massawa, the best port of the Red Sea, and the only one the Ethiopians had, but their attempt to reach the highlands failed against the determined resistance of Gelawdewos. The attack by Nur was an even worse failure, taking the life of the last of the Walashma sultans of Adal, Barakat. However Emperor Gelawdewos lost his life in battle and his head was taken to Harar. The loss of the port of Massawa to the Ottomans was a worse catastrophe for Ethiopia. They lost control of their trade, they could no longer buy firearms, and anybody traveling from the outside to Ethiopia had to do so in disguise. Never had been Ethiopia so isolated from the outside world.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165018A;全く孤立してしまった;Isolated from all;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165020;アダルの崩壊;The disintegration of Adal;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165020;1567年までにアダル王国はハラールの街に閉じ込められ、ゼイラやバルベラの港への生命線である交通路をオロモ人によって断たれてしまった。王国は崩壊し、その領域の一部はソマリ人の支配下に、大部分はオロモ人の支配下に置かれた。オスマン帝国はアダル王国支援の見返りとして、紅海に面する諸港を得た。1575年、エミール(君侯)ムハンマドIV世はエチオピア北東部の属州のイスラム教徒総督の反乱に加担するという失策を犯し、エチオピア皇帝サラス･ディンギル(マラク･サガドI世)によって捕われ、処刑された。この敗北によってアダルは軍事力を失った。1577年、エミールはアダル王国から、ダナキル低地のオアシス･アウッサに転封された。この海抜よりも低い砂漠は、アファール人、マッサワのオスマン人、エチオピア人の間の無人地帯だった。侯国はこのアフリカでも最悪の土地の一つに移されてから、1672年にアファール人およびオロモ人によって駆逐されるまで、名目的に生き永らえた。ハラールの街はその城壁のおかげで発展し、1647年に侯国から独立して都市国家となった。この街にはずっとイスラム教徒が居住し続け、今日ではイスラーム第四の聖都と信じられている。アダル王国は1577年にはすべての実権を失い、国としての存在を終えたと考えられる。エチオピア人はおそらく、そのことに注意を払わなかった。彼らはオロモ人によって南部のほとんどの支配を失ってしまったのだ。それらの土地では小王国群が自治を行った。;By 1567, the sultanate of Adal had been reduced to the city of Harar and the Oromo had cut her vital connection to the ports of Saylac and Barbera. What had been Adal disintegrated, part falling under control of Somalies, and most becoming Oromo lands. The Ottomans took control of the Red Sea ports as payment for their help. In 1575, Emir Muhammad IV made the mistake of joining the rebellion of the governor of a Muslim province in the North East of Ethiopia. He was captured and executed by Emperor Sarsa Dengel, and this defeat saw the end of Adal's last army. In 1577, the emir transferred the sultanate of Adal to the Aussa oasis in the Danakil depression. This desert below sea-level was located in no-mans land between the Afars, the Ottomans at Massawa and the Ethiopians. By moving to one of the nastiest places in Africa the sultanate prolonged its nominal existence until it was overrun by Afars and Oromo in 1672. The city of Harar, remained viable behind its walls, independent from the sultanate since 1647, as a city-state. It always has been Muslim, and today is considered the fourth sacred city of Islam. For all practical purposes, 1577 saw the end of Adal as a state. The Ethiopians probably didn't notice it. Due to the Oromo they had lost control over most of the South, that was self-ruled by petty kingdoms.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165020A;自分に対する反乱軍を助けるのはもうたくさんだ;Enough of supporting my rebels;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165021;ムスリムを従える者(皇帝サラス･ディンギル);To whom the Muslims bow;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165021;アダル･オスマン帝国･オロモ人の連携攻撃により、小国家に衰退してしまったエチオピアでは、対アダル戦において皇帝ガローデオスが戦死したことと、彼の弟メナスが病に倒れたことで、さらに自体が悪化した。メナスの息子イシャクはわずか14歳だった。彼はサラス･ディンギルという王名を名乗り、マリク･サガド、すなわち「ムスリムを従える者」として即位した。すぐに彼は非凡な武将であることを示し、自らの称号を裏付けた。彼は1576年にアダルの全軍を完膚なきまでに壊滅させ、同国の決定的な滅亡に寄与した。一連の軍事活動において、彼はファラシャ(エチオピアに住む、タルムードを認めないユダヤ教徒)勢力を完全に壊滅させ、彼らを物言わぬ少数派に転落させた。彼はケファ王国を破り、キリスト教を国教とするよう国王に強制した(臣民は改宗しなかったが)。そして彼は、1578年と1589年の二度トルコ人を打ち負かし、彼らをマッサワの港に押し止めた。不幸なことに彼は、僧侶達から食べないよう警告されていた川の魚を食べた後、全盛期を迎える前に亡くなった。彼の息子は幼なすぎたので、彼は後継者に甥のザ･ディンギルを指名した。しかし彼の妻である皇后は、別の考えを持っていた。;The pity state to which Ethiopia had been reduced by the concerted attacks of Adal, the Ottomans and the Oromo, was further complicated by the death of Emperor Gelawdewos in battle against Adal, and his brother Menas of disease. Menas' son, prince Yishaq was only 14 years old. He took the king name of Sarsa Dengel, and was crowned as Malik Sagad, meaning ''To whom the Muslims bow''. He would make good his title, as soon he revealed himself as an extraordinary military leader. He destroyed once and for all the power of Adal in 1576, contributing to its final demise. In a series of campaigns, he completely broke the power of the non-Talmudic Jewish Falashas, turning them into a silent minority. He defeated the kingdom of Kefa, forcing his king to accept Christianity as the official religion, although the population did not convert. And he twice defeated the Turks, in 1578 and 1589, keeping them confined to the port of Massawa. Unfortunately he died before his time, after eating fish from a river ha had been warned by monks not to eat. Since his sons were too young, he had named his nephew Za Dengel as his heir. But the empress, his wife, had a different idea.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165021A;ムスリムを傅かせよう;Make the Muslims bow;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165022;奴隷貿易;Slave trade;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165022;皇帝サラス･ディンギルの打ち続く遠征は、ムスリムやユダヤ教徒の囚人を数多くもたらした。皇帝は、奇妙なことだが彼らをマッサワのオスマン人に売り、国庫を改善させることができた。;The continuous campaigns of Sarsa Dengel produced lots of Muslim and Jewish prisoners. He was able to improve the royal treasure by selling them as slaves, curiously to the Ottomans at Massawa.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165022A;奴隷を売る;Sell slaves;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165022B;憎むべき商売だ;This is a hateful business;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165023;皇帝ザ･ディンギルとペドロ･パエス;Za Dengel and Pedro Paez;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165023;サラス･ディンギルが没した時、甥のザ･ディンギルが即位するものと思われた。だが、未亡人となった皇后は一部貴族の支援を得て、サルサ･ディンギルの幼い息子をマリク･サガドII世として即位させ、ザ･ディンギルを捕らえた。しかし、ザ･ディンギルは強力なラス(侯)ザ･セラシエと、従兄弟スセニョスの支援を得て、1603年に帝位を奪取することができた。その時、ペドロ･パエスがエチオピアに到着した。彼はマドリードからやってきたスペイン人イエズス会士で、コインブラで学び、ポルトガルとスペインの王位が統一されていた時期にエチオピアに派遣された。彼はすぐに、宮廷語であるアムハラ語だけでなく、エチオピア教会の言語であるゲーズ語も学習した。彼は驚くべき人物であり、彼が持ち込んだインド式建築はエチオピアの建設技術を革新した。パエスはいくつかの教会を建設し、地元の建築家達は彼らの技術を学んだ。これらの技術は後に、ゴンダール城を建設する際に有用となった。パエスの多彩な才能と思慮深さに感銘を受けたザ･ディンギルは、彼を輔臣に登用した。;When Sarsa Dengel died, his nephew Za Dengel was supposed to inherit the crown, but the Empress widow, with the support of some nobles crowned the young son of Sarsa Dengel, Yaqob, as Malik Sagad II, capturing Za Dengel. But Za Dengel with the help of the powerful Ras (Duke) Za Selassie, and his cousin Susenyos, was capable of seizing the crown in 1603. Then Pedro Paez arrived to Ethiopia. He was a Spanish Jesuit from Madrid, who had studied at Coimbra, and had been sent to Ethiopia during the union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain. He soon learned not only Amharic, the court language, but also Ge'ez, the Ethiopian church language. He was an amazing man, and brought with him an Indian architect that revolutionized construction techniques in Ethiopia. Paez built several churches in Ethiopia, and the local architects learned their techniques. Those techniques would be later used in the castles of Gonder. Impressed by the many talents of Paez, and his prudence, Za Dengel named him his counselor.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165023A;ペドロ･パエスを輔臣に登用する;Name Pedro Paez counselor;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165023B;イエズス会士はトラブルしかもたらさない;Jesuits only bring trouble;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165024;皇帝ザ･ディンギルがカトリックに改宗;Za Dengel becomes Catholic;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165024;ペドロ･パエスの影響を受けたザ･ディンギルは、カトリックへの改宗を決断した。パエスは彼に対し、注意深くするよう、また公表しないよう伝えたが、ザ･ディンギルは大胆にも安息日に変更を導入しようと決めた。トラブルを予想したパエスは慎重にも、フレモサのイエズス会の拠点に引きこもった。まさにカトリックに改宗するにあたり、ザ･ディンギルには強力な敵が現れた。正教会と、彼のかつての支持者であるラス(侯)ザ･セラシエが、前皇帝マリク･サガドII世ヤコブの側に付き、反旗を翻したのだ。ザ･セラシエはザ･ディンギルを打ち負かした後、彼の目をえぐり、指を切り落としてから、馬に踏みにじらせて殺した。ヤコブが再び戴冠した。しかし、ザ･ディンギルの従兄弟で盟友のスセニョスは、はとこであるヤコブに対する戦いを続けた。;Influenced by Pedro Paez, Za Dengel decided to convert to Catholicism. Paez told him to be careful and not announce it, but Za Dengel boldly decided to introduce changes in the Sabbath. Paez prudently decided to retire to the Jesuit base at Fremona, anticipating troubles. But in turning Catholic, Za Dengel gained powerful enemies. The Orthodox Church and his former supporter Ras Za Selassie took the side of former emperor Malik Sagad II Yaqob, and raised in arms. After defeating Za Dengel, Za Selassie had his eyes removed, his fingers cut, and then he had him trampled by horses to death. Yaqob was crowned again. However, Za Dengel's cousin and ally, Susenyos, continued the fight against his second cousin Yaqob.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165024A;内戦だ;Civil war;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165025;新都ダンカス;Danqaz;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165025;マリク･サガドII世ヤコブはその二度目の治世、おそらくは自身の正統性を示すために、デネビヤのダンカスに遷都することを決めた。彼はそこに、非常に壮麗な複合宮殿を建てた。;During his second rule, perhaps to legitimate himself, Malik Sagad II Yaqob decided to move his capital to Danqaz in Denebiya. There he built a palace complex of great splendor.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165025A;真新しい首都だ;A brand new capital;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165025B;首都のたらい回しはたくさんだ;Enough capital shuffling;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165026;ゴンダール王家の始祖、スセニョス;Susenyos, founder of the Gonder line;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165026;スセニョスはヤコブを皇帝として認めず、従兄弟ザ･ディンギルと極めて親密な立場を取った。スセニョスには、ヤコブ支持派の貴族に勝てる見込みはほとんどなかった。しかし、スセニョスは有能な武将であり、また彼はオロモ人を味方に付けた。極めて優秀な軍事力を持つオロモ人にとって、これが彼らの新国家における政治に参加した初めてのケースとなった。これ以降、オロモ人は考慮に入れるべき一要素となり、また次第にエチオピア軍の屋台骨となっていった。スセニョスは自分が何をしているかを知っていた。敵方に付いたラス(侯)ザ･セラシエを打ち負かした後、スセニョスは皇帝マリク･サガドII世ヤコブに会戦を挑んだ。戦闘中にヤコブは殺されたが、彼の亡骸は見つからなかった。エチオピア教会の政治への関与を示したことに、アブナ(総主教)ペトロスがヤコブの軍勢の指揮を取ったが、彼もまた戦死した。このため教会は、スセニョスを決して許すことはなかった。皇帝としてのスセニョスはエチオピア･ソロモン王家の傍系であり、いわゆるゴンダール王家の始祖となった。あいまいな成り行きを引き締めるため、彼はヤコブの息子の一人を縛り首にし、センナール王国(ヌビア)に対する軍事遠征を組織した。同国では別の息子が軍を起こしていたが、スセニョスは彼にローマへの亡命を余儀なくさせた。スセニョスはヤコブの2人の弟も処刑した。また彼は、スペイン/ポルトガル王フェリペIII世に軍事支援を求める書状を送ったが、支援は全く得られなかった。;Susenyos refused to accept Yaqob as emperor, having been very close to his cousin Za Dengel. Susenyos had little chance against the nobility supporting Yaqob. However Susenyos was a resourceful military commander, and he enlisted the Oromo on his side. The Oromo had a very high military capability, and for the first time they were involved in the politics of their new country. From then on, the Oromo were a factor to be taken into consideration, becoming little by little the backbone of the Ethiopian army. Susenyos knew what he was doing. After defeating Ras Za Selassie, who took his side, he presented battle to the emperor Malik Sagad II Yaqob. During the battle Yaqob was killed, but his body was never found. To show the involvement of the Ethiopian Church in politics, the Abuna (Patriarch) Petros took command of Yaqob's army until he was also killed. Something that the Church would never forgive Susenyos. Emperor Susenyos was relatively removed from the main branch of the Solomonic kings of Ethiopia, starting the so-called Gonder line. To tighten lose ends, he had one of Yaqob's sons strangled, and organized a military expedition against the kingdom of Sennar (Nubia), where another son was rising an army, forcing him to exile to Rome. He also had two brothers of Yaqob beheaded. Susenyos also wrote several letters to Felipe III of Spain/Portugal asking for military help, but he never got it.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165026A;優れた指揮官だ;An accomplished commander;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165027;皇帝スセニョスとペドロ･パエス;Susenyos and Pedro Paez;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165027;スセニョスもペドロ･パエスに魅了された。彼もパエスを輔臣とし、また旅の一つにおいて、彼らはタナ湖で青ナイル川の源に到達した。それゆえ、このスペイン人が同地を目にし、書き残した初のヨーロッパ人ということになる(それより150年前、スコットランド人ジェームズ･ブルースが同じ業績を主張しているが)。パエスはまた、コーヒーの味を描写した初のヨーロッパ人でもあった。不幸なことに、彼の記録は1945年まで出版されなかった。スセニョスはポルトガルと同盟を結ぼうとして、最終的にカトリックへの改宗を決断した。ペドロ･パエスは正式なエチオピア･カトリック教会の首長となったが、彼は存命中、正教会や不服を持つ臣民との諍いを避けた。;Susenyos was mesmerized by Pedro Paez too. He also took him as a counselor, and in one of their travels they reached the source of the Blue Nile in Lake Tana. Thus the Spaniard was the first European to see it and write about it, 150 years before Scottish James Bruce claimed the same feat. He was also the first European to describe the taste of coffee. Unfortunately his writings were not published until 1945. In his search of an alliance with Portugal, Susenyos finally decided to convert into Catholicism. Pedro Paez became the head of the official Catholic Church of Ethiopia, and while he was alive, he avoided confrontation with the Orthodox Church and the unconvinced subjects.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165027A;カトリックに改宗する;Convert to Catholicism;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165027B;正教に留まる;Remain Orthodox;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165028;アルフォンソ･メンデス;Alfonzo Mendez;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165028;イエズス会は1624年、ペドロ･パエスの代わりとしてアルフォンソ･メンデスを派遣した。彼は2年後、自らをエチオピア･カトリック教会およびエチオピア正教会のアブナ(総大司教/総主教)に任命した。彼はその後カトリック教義への服従を強要し、伝統的な正教の暦を弾圧して、代わりにローマ･グレゴリオ暦を導入しさえした。憤激は広範なものとなり、すぐにスセニョスに対する反乱が始まった。;The Jesuit order sent Alfonzo Mendez in 1624 to substitute Pedro Paez. He had himself invested as Abuna or Patriarch of the Ethiopian Catholic and Orthodox Church two years later. He then insisted in the observance of Catholic principles, even suppressing the traditional Orthodox calendar instating instead the Gregorian Roman calendar. The outrage was generalized, and soon rebellions against Susenyos started.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165028A;宗教的騒乱だ;Religious unrest;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165029;正教への復帰;Back to Orthodoxy;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165029;スセニョスは反乱の鎮圧に成功したが、ネグサ(王)ではなく宗教の変更に反対する善良な臣民を殺すことに心を痛めるようになった。そのため彼は信仰の自由を宣言して実質的に正教に復帰し、また退位して息子のファシリダスにエチオピアの統治を委ねた。;Susenyos was successful at putting down rebellions, but became disheartened from having to kill good subjects that did not challenge the negus but the religious change. He therefore decided to proclaim religious freedom, effectively returning to Orthodoxy, and stepped down, leaving his son Fasilides to rule Ethiopia.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165029A;失敗した実験の終わりだ;End of a failed experiment;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165030;ポルトガル人の追放;Expulsion of the Portuguese;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165030;スセニョス帝の治世、ポルトガル人とエチオピア人の間の亀裂は広がりすぎてしまった。スセニョスの退位後、ファシリダス帝はすぐに、イエズス会士とその他のポルトガル人をこの国から追い出す口実を見つけた。密かに残った7人のイエズス会士は殺された。;The schism opened between the Portuguese and the Ethiopians during the rule of Susenyos was too wide. Soon after his ascension, Fasilides found the excuse to expel the Jesuits and other Portuguese from the country. Seven Jesuits that remained behind were killed.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165030A;厄介者を追い出す;Out with the troublemakers;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165030B;彼らはまだ有用だ;They are still useful;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165031;詐称者;Impostor;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165031;皇帝ヤコブの遺体が見つからなかったので、多くの人々は彼の死を信じず、彼が身を潜めていると信じたがった。顔を包帯で隠したある男が現れ、自らがヤコブだと主張した時、多くの人々が彼を信じた。彼は軍を起こし、教会の支持を得ることができた。彼の名声に対する賭けは、急激な終末を迎えることとなった。彼は敗北して捕われ、処刑された。;Since the body of emperor Yaqob was never found, many refused to believe that he was death, preferring to think the he was in hiding. When a man with his face covered in bandages appeared and claimed to be Yaqob, he was believed by many, and he was able to raise an army and gain Church support. His bid to fame came to an abrupt end when he was defeated, captured and executed.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165031A;忌々しい奴め;Damn him;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165032;ウェフニ山;Mount Wehni;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165032;王子達が王位を争うことを許す制度のため、内紛はエチオピアの全世代において日常茶飯事であった。ファシリダス帝の実子デウィットが反旗を翻した時、皇帝は彼を殺す代わりに、潜在的請求権者を山の頂に幽閉するという古い習慣を復活させた。100年以上にわたり、多くの王子達がウェフニ山で生涯を費やし、幸運な一部の者だけが連れ出されて王位に就いた。;With a system that allowed princes to compete for the crown, internal strife was every generation's bread and butter in Ethiopia. When Fasilides own son Dewitt rose in rebellion against him, the emperor, instead of killing him, revived the old custom of confining posible claimants on the top of a mountain. For over a hundred years many princes spent their lives in Mount Wehni with the lucky ones being brought out to reign.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165032A;何と慈悲深い;How merciful;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165033;カトリックの追放;Expulsion of Catholics;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165033;皇帝ヨハニスI世は王国から全カトリック(その多くはポルトガル兵士の末裔だった)を追放して、宗教的迫害を強化した。彼はまた、ムスリムとキリスト教徒は生活を隔離しなければならないという布告を出した。;Emperor Yohannes I increased religious prosecution, by expelling all Catholics in the kingdom, many of them descendants from Portuguese soldiers. He also issued that Muslims and Christians had to live segregated.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165033A;宗教の均質化を促進する;Promote religious homogeneity;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165033B;宗教の混交を許す;Allow religious heterogeneity;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165034;税制、関税、交易の改革;Tax, customs, and trade reform;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165034;「大帝」イヤスは極めて有能な君主であった。彼は税制、関税、交易規定に関する諸法に一大改革を導入し、エチオピア王家の富を増やした。;Iyasu ''The great'' was a very able monarch. He brough a great reform to the laws concerning taxation, custom duties and trade regulations, increasing the wealth of the Ethiopian monarchy.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165034A;偉大な統治者だ;A great administrator;;;;;;;;;
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 EVENTNAME165035;偉大な建設者;The great builder;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165035;イヤスが「大帝」と呼ばれることには、軍事的成果だけでなく内政面での成果も寄与している。彼がゴンダールに建てた宮殿は、ソロモン王家のものよりも優れている、と描かれた。その内壁は象牙、鏡、椰子の木の塗装で飾られた。天井は金箔と貴石で覆われた。彼の不朽の業績はデブレ･ベルハン･セラシエ(三位一体の光)教会であり、これは現在も使用されている。;Iyasu's ''greatness'' did not lay in his military achievements but in his civil ones. The palace he built in Gonder was described as finer than the House of Solomon himself. His inner walls decorated with ivory, mirrors and paintings of palm trees. His ceiling covered with gold leaf and precious stones. His most lasting achievement was the church of Debra Berham Selassie, the Light of Trinity, still in use.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165035A;建築の極みだ;Pinnacle of architecture;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165036;ラス･べジロンド(大蔵卿)ヨストス;Ras Bejirond Yostos;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165036;「呪われし王」テクレ･ハイマノートは、父の廷臣の一部によってすぐに殺された。ラス･ベジロンド(主席大蔵卿)ヨストスが、苦しみあえぐソロモン朝からすばやく権力を奪った。彼はテクレ･ハイマノートの息子で4歳のナオドを廃し、ウェフニ山に幽閉されていたテオフロスを即位させた。(イヤス帝の息子の一人だったテオフロスは、継母マラカタウィトとその3人の親戚を、父を殺害した廉で処刑することを命じた。だが、彼もまた反乱に直面することを余儀なくされた。テオフロスが自立しすぎていることが明らかになった時、ラス･ベジロンド･ヨストスは彼を毒殺し、王族ではないにも関わらず自ら王位に就いた。;Tekle Haymanot, the accursed, was quickly killed by some of his father's courtiers. Ras Bejirond (Chief treasurer) Yostos quickly seized power from the ailing Solomonic dynasty. He deposed 4 year old Tekle Haymanot's son Naod, and brought Tewoflos from his confinement at Mount Wehni. Tewoflos, another son of Iyasus, ordered the execution of his step-mother Malakotawit and three of her relatives for the killing of his father. However he also had to face rebellions. When Tewoflos proved to be too independent, Ras Bejirond Yostos had him poisoned, seizing the crown for himself, despite not being a member of the royal family.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165036A;貴族の乗っ取りだ;Nobility take-over;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165037;外交的侮辱;Diplomatic insult;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165037;イヤスII世は、センナール(ヌビア)王の代理人から「ちび」と呼ばれたことに立腹した。彼は軍を編成し、戦いに赴いた。;Iyasu II took offense at being called little by a representative of the King of Sennar (Nubia). He assembled an army and went to war.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165037A;余は侮辱された;I am insulted;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165037B;余は確かにちびだな;I am little;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165038;遠征の失敗;Failed expedition;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165038;イヤスII世の対センナール(ヌビア)遠征は大失敗に終わった。2万のエチオピア人が死に、キリストの聖像と十字架の実物のかけらは敵に奪われた。それらを取り戻すために、金8000オンス以上が代償とされた。;The expedition of Iyasu II against Sennar (Nubia) was a disaster. 20,000 Ethiopians died and an icon of Christ and a fragment of the True Cross were lost to the enemy. It costed over 8,000 ounces of gold to recover them.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165038A;大敗だ;Disaster;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165039;浪費好きな君主;A wasteful monarch;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165039;イヤスII世は王家の資産を、宮殿や鏡、その他の欧州産ぜいたく品に使い尽くしてしまった。彼が亡くなった時、国庫には埋葬のための資金も残っていなかった。;Iyasu II wasted all the royal treasure in palaces, mirrors imported from Europe an other luxuries. When he died, there was no money left in the royal coffers to bury him.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165039A;破産だ;Bankruptcy;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165040;オロモ人の皇帝;An Oromo emperor;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165040;王妃メントワーブは、息子のイヤスと、ウォロ出身のオロモ人王女ウォビットを結婚させていた。ウォビットは結婚前に、ワラッタ･ベルセベという名で洗礼を受けた。ウォビットが権力の一部を手に入れようとすると、メントワーブは彼女を排斥した。ウォビットは報復として、息子をオロモ人として育てた。イヤス帝が亡くなった時、息子のヨアスが後を継いで即位した。皆を恐れさせたことに、ヨアスはオロモ語ばかり堪能で、アムハラ語をほとんど話せなかった。メントワーブ派とウォビットの縁者のオロモ人との間で、すぐに争いが噴出した。ヨアス帝は母ウォビットを支持して祖母と敵対し、オロモ人の伯父達の幾人かを将軍として登用した。;Empress Mentewab had married his son Iyasu to an Oromo princess from Wollo, whose name was Wobit. She was baptized as Walatta Bersebeh before her marriage. When she tried to exert her share of power, she was ostracized by Mentewab. In vengeance, she raised his son as an Oromo. When Iyasu died, his son Iyoas was crowned emperor. To everybody's horror, Iyoas was only fluent in Oromo, and could barely speak Amharic. Soon a power struggle eructed between Mentewab party, and the Oromo relatives of Wobit. The emperor supported his mother against his grandmother, and appointed several of his Oromo uncles as generals.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165040A;けしからん;Outrageous;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165041;「明敏侯」ミカエル･イスキア;Mikael ''the Astute'' Isqias;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165041;ソロモン家の血を幾分受け継ぐティグライの貴族ミカエル･セフル(明敏侯)は、都市アドワの要塞化を監督することから身を起こした。同地はゴンダールとマッサワの交通路の間に位置していたため、彼はエチオピアの主要交通路の支配権を手にした。ミカエル･セフルは交易に税を課し、近代的なマスケット銃を装備する軍を編成した。1759年、彼は前任者を追い出し、ティグライのラス(侯)となった。彼はまた王妃メントワーブの娘と結婚し、彼女の強力な一派から支持を得た。メントワーブと義理の娘ウォビットの間で諍いが起き、内戦を引き起こした時、彼はメントワーブ派からゴンダールに呼び寄せられた。彼は26,000人の兵を率いて到着し、両派を追放すると、アムハラ人キリスト教貴族を支持基盤として自ら即位した。彼はすぐに反乱の鎮圧と他派の打倒を始め、エチオピアで最も権力を有する人物となった。彼がそのように認められたため、皇帝は1768年、彼をラス･ビトオダッド(寵臣)およびエンデレース(副王)に任命することを余儀なくされた。しかしヨアス帝は、彼の権力増大と、自身のオロモ人支持者の凋落に憤慨していた。;A noble of Tigray with some Solomonic blood, Mikael Sehul (the Astute), started his career by gaining control of the fortified city of Adwa. Located in the route between Gonder and Massawa, its possession gave him control of the main trade route in Ethiopia. By imposing taxes on trade, Mikael Sehul raised armies equipped with modern muskets. In 1759 he was made Ras of Tigray after getting rid of the previous one. He also married a daughter of Empress Mentewab, gaining the support of her powerful party. When the confrontation between Mentewab and her daughter-in-law Wobit, was about to start a civil war, he was called by the first to Gonder. He arrived with an army of 26,000 men, and displaced both parties, creating his own, based on the Amharic Christian nobility. He soon started squashing rebellions and defeating other parties, becoming the most powerful man in Ethiopia. He was recognized as such and the emperor was forced to invest him as Ras Bitwodad and Enderease (Viceroy) in 1768. However, emperor Iyoas resented his increasing power and the fall of his Oromo supporters.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165041A;キングメーカーか;Kingmaker;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165042;恐怖のクリスマス;Christmas of terror;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165042;反乱によってミカエル･セフルがゴンダールから追放された後、反乱派閥内でオロモ人とアムハラ人が衝突したため、ミカエル･セフルの首都奪回を許した。彼の報復は恐ろしいものだった。ミカエル･セフルはまず、自身を風刺していた旅芸人の一座を虐殺した。その後彼は、反乱勢力を支持していた人々全てを容赦なく追求し、処刑した。アブナ(エチオピア教会の総主教)を始めとする何十もの人々が殺された。彼らの遺体は切り刻まれて通りにばらまかれ、夜になると悪臭に引き寄せられて街に入ってくるハイエナ達の餌食になった。スコットランド人探検家のジェームズ･ブルースが、これらの事件の目撃者として記録を残した。最終的に反乱勢力は和解に達し、ミカエル･セフルを倒して捕らえることができ、彼に隠退して新たな傀儡の主に道を譲ることを強制した。;After a rebellion that saw Mikael Sehul expelled from Gonder, dissensions within the rebel party between Oromos and Amharans, allowed him to regain his capital. His vengeance was terrible. He first slaughtered a troop of travelling actors that had performed a satire of him. He then relentless pursued anyone who had supported the rebels and executed them. Dozens were killed, including the Abuna (Patriarch of the Ethiopian Church). Their bodies were hewn to pieces and scattered through the streets, where they served as a feast for the hyenas, that entered the city at night attracted by the stench. Scottish explorer James Bruce wrote an eye-witness account of these events. Finally the rebels reached an agreement, and were able to defeat and capture Mikael Sehul, forcing him to retire and leave way to a new puppet-master.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165042A;彼の最後の業績だ;His last feat;;;;;;;;;

***1.51チェック用 [#oe0cef2e]
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 #### AGCEEP_Specific_Ethiopia.eue ####
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 #;
 EVENTNAME24060;王都ゴンダールの建設;The founding of Gondor;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST24060;ファシリダス大帝の治世に、ゴンダールの街はエチオピア文化の中心となった。 また、この時期に多くの要塞化された王城が建設された。;During the reign of Fasiladas the Great, the city of Gondor became the center of Ethiopian culture. Also during this time many fortified palaces were built.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME24060A;ゴンダールの繁栄;The rise of Gondor;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165000;ミトマク公会議;Council of Mitmaq;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165000;エチオピア正教会の教義を争点とする、聖職者間の長年にわたる国内での激しい 不和を経た後、ザラ･ヤコブ帝が安息日や割礼といった教義の争点を標準化する 運動を成功裡に主導した。1450年彼は、統一教義を規定するために2人のアブナ (大主教)とその他の主要な教派すべてを集め、ミトマク公会議を開催した。;After many years of violent internal divisiveness between clergy on issues of Ethiopian Orthodox Church dogma, Zara Yakob lead a successful campaign to normalize church doctrine on issues such as the Sabbath and circumcision. In 1450, he held the Council of Mitmaq, in the hopes that the two abunas (bishops) and all the other major clergy branches would set down a unified church dogma.;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165000A;統一教義を規定する;A unified church dogma should be established;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165000B;この会議は茶番だ!;This council is a farce!;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165001;The accursed;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165001;Saddened by the death of his favourite concubine, Iyasu retired to a monastery in an island of the Tana lake, without renouncing the crown. His absence was used by his wife Malakatawit to crown his son, Tekle Haymanot, as emperor Leul Sagad. When Iyasu emerged from his retirement, the awkward situation was solved by Tekle Haymanot ordering the murder of his own father. The outrage for the killing of such beloved monarch was great, and his son was labelled as cursed. The involvement of the empress and his acceptance by other members of the family, irreparably damaged the image of the Solomonic dynasty.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165001A;Iyasu has been killed;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165002;王妃メントワーブの影響;Consort Mentewwab's Influence;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165002;After Yostos, the Solomonic were restored. In 1730, Mentewwab, a female consort to emperor Bakaffa, consolidated imperial power into her small group of family and advisors to become the primary power behind the throne, successfully orchestrating most policy decisions for successive emperors Iyasu II and Iyoas I. In an atmosphere of continuity and stability, culture blossomed and famous churches such as Qwesqwam were constructed.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165002A;繁栄はここにあり!;Prosperity is here!;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165003;Zemene Mesafint;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165003;Emperor Iyoas tried to get rid of Mikael Sehul, but the plan backfired when Mikael defeated Oromo general Farsil. Mikael Sehul brought the matter to the Council and, for the first time in Ethiopian history, had the emperor deposed. Not happy with the solution of the Council, that considered the emperor untouchable, he had Iyoas strangled and his body abandoned to the elements. He then crowned a severely handicapped son of Iyasu that he rescued from Mount Wehni, Yohannes II. When four months later he refused to obey his orders, he had him poisoned, crowning next a 15 year-old boy, Tekle Haymanot, whom he kept as a captive. After that ordeal, nobody in the country could continue looking to the Solomonic dynasty as divine. People refused to pay taxes, warlords attempted to have their puppet crowned, peripheral regions refused to acknowledge any authority... The country plunged into the Zemene Mesafint, the Era of the Princes, when emperors changed with the seasons. It would last only until 1855.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165003A;君主の力が弱まる;Regnal power diminishes;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165005;Campaign against Falashas;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165005;The Falashas were (still are) Jewish Ethiopians. Their origen is still debated, wether they are a lost tribe of Israel or Ethiopians converted from an archaic form of Christianity to Judaism. In any case they constituted a likely target to the belaguered Orthodox Christians surrounded by Islam. The continues campaigns against the Falashas were succesful in greatly reducing their numbers.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165005A;Our clergy demands it;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165005B;Religious freedom;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165006;The crowning of Qwastantinos I;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165006;Zara Yaqob (the seed of Jacob) was a prince by the third wife of late Emperor Hasei Dawit (David) II. He was far removed from the throne, but the death of several of his half-brothers and one of his nephews left him as the best candidate, since the inheritance to the throne of Solomon does not follow a strict rule, and the heir can be chosen between all the descendants of the late Emperor. Upon ascending to the throne in 1434, according to tradition the prince chose a new name as emperor, Qwastantinos, in imitation of the Byzantine emperor. Two years later he was crowned and consacrated at Aksum, the old capital, as Neguse Negest (King of Kings, or Emperor), receiving also his throne name, Amda Seyum (the pillar of Zion). For his second wife he married the daughter of the Ethiopian Muslim king of Hadiya. After her conversion to Orthodoxy she received the empress name of Eleni, also in imitation of the Byzantine empress. Both Qwastantinos and Eleni would lead Ethiopia to the pinnacle of her power at the expense of the kingdoms within the empire.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165006A;A great ruler;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165007;The Council of Florence;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165007;The Ethiopian Tewahedo Orthodox Church was invited to participate as part of the delegation of the Patriarchate of Alexandria in the Council of Florence, that attempted the reunion of the Eastern and Western churches. The Ethiopian delegates did not arrived to Florence until 1441, and they were very surprised when everybody asked them about a Prester John that was clearly not one of the many titles of the King of Kings. Afterwards Zara Yaqob took the opportunity to send another diplomatic mission to Europe in 1450. He obtained from Pope Nicholas V the dedication of St. Stefano Rotondo as an Ethiopian Church in Rome. He also communicated with Alfonso V of Aragon, then champion of Christians in the Oriental Mediterranean, asking for a group of artisans. Alfonso was sympathetic, but asked for guaranties of safe arrival since a previous group, solicited in times of Yeshaq, had all perished at the hands of Muslims during the trip.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165007A;Send the ambassadors;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165008;Muslim encroachment;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165008;The Christians in Ethiopia had been resisting Islam for seven centuries. They were helped by the mountainous topography of their country and by the fact that none of their Muslim neighbours was specially powerful. However over the centuries, Muslim faith had infiltrated Ethiopia to the point that seven of its kingdoms had become Muslim: Ifat, Dawaro, Arbabini, Hadiya, Shakara, Bale and Dara. With the rise in power of Adal, Ethiopia became subject to periodic invasions, that were made extremely dangerous because many Muslim Ethiopians would side with the invader. That was the case of sultan Shihab Badlay, known as the Beast (Awen) Badlay, who in one campaing wrestled Bale from Ethiopia, and in another tried to do the same with Dawaro. Zara Yaqob met the challenge, and at the battle of Gomit it is told that he trespassed Badlay's neck with his lance. He then ordered his foe's body cut in pieces that he sent to all the cities in the kingdom. With the recovery of Bale, and the crushing of Adal and her allies, Ethiopia had bough time.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165008A;Christianity resists;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165009;Fetha Negest;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165009;A legal code written in the XIII century by a Christian Coptic of Egypt in Arabic, based on Roman, Byzantine and Ecclesiatical law, was translated on the orders of Zara Yaqob in 1450. He then started applying parts of it to his kingdom, and for example appointed legal administrators to decide which cases were to be solved by local governors and which by central government. The measures were very succesful, and the code received the name of ''Laws of the Kings'' or Fetha Negest. In 1563 it will become the constitution of Ethiopia until 1931. The Fetha Negest was a cornerstone of the Feudal system that characterized imperial Ethiopia until its end.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165009A;Enforce it;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165009B;Old customs instead;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165010;Religious zealotry;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165010;In some aspects, Zara Yaqob was a great reformer, but what really defined Ethiopia was its religion, and the Negus was a profoundly religious man. Over centuries of isolation, with only a tenuous connection with the Patriarch in Alexandria, the Orthodox in Ethiopia had become split over several questions. Zara Yaqob sought to unify also the Ethiopian Church and imposed the cult of the Virgin Mary in all the churches. He indefatigably prosecuted other religions and all forms of deviations and heresies, to the point of putting to death three of his own daughters (he had over 54 offspring) together with many others on suspicion of idolatry. The example strongly impressed his subjects, that from then on considered him a saint.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165010A;Kill Jews, Muslims, heathens, heretics, daughters...;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165010B;Religious freedom for all;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165011;Debre Berhan;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165011;The imperial court and the army numbered several thousands, and no place in Ethiopia could support their needs for food and firewood for more than four months, and therefore the emperors kept an itinerant court that could not return to the same place for 10 years, to allow for its recovery. But one night, a month after a group of heretics had been stoned to death, a bright light appeared in the sky. Interpreting the visit of Halley's Comet as God's approval, Zara Yaqob decided to place his capital on that particular spot. He built two churches and a palace, creating the first capital of Ethiopia, Debre Berhan. The city continued to flourish for a quarter of a century, until Yaqob's son, Baeda Maryam, decided to resume itinerancy. Afterwards Debre Berhan turned into a small village.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165011A;A brand new capital;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165012;The fact that I am paranoid doesn't mean...;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165012;In his later years, Zara Yaqob became increasingly despotic and paranoid. He started killing anybody that opposed him. The suspicion that his family wanted to remove him was based in an attempted coup by his son Galawdewos and his Ras Bitwodad (Grand Duke) Iyasus in 1437 that resulted in their imprisonment. However in his later years, he started to become suspicious of everybody, and he ended ordering the beating of several of his sons, daughters and one of his wives, Empress Seyun Mogassa, who died as a result. The matter was further complicated because she was the mother of the heir. Although the church was able to repair the rift between father and son, the death of the mother of the future negus would have important consequences, as she had an important role to fulfill in the imperial court.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165012A;They are after me;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165012B;What am I, crazy?;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165013;Pęro da Covilhă in the court of Prester John;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165013;In 1487 Joao II of Portugal ordered Bartolomeu Dias around Africa by sea, but he also ordered his trusted spymaster and diplomat, Pęro da Covilhă, to reach India and the kingdom of Prester John by land. Pęro da Covilhă spoke fluent arabic, and with a companion travelled to Mecca. From there he travelled alone to Goa and Calicut, learning about currents, winds and the origen of the different spices. He then returned to Cairo. From there he forwarded his information together with advise on the best sea-route to India to his king, before continuing to Aden, Ormuz, and Saylac, in the coast of Adal. He finally arrived to Ethiopia in 1490, being well received by Emperor Eskander. After four years of stay, he was preparing his departure, with a proposal of an alliance from the Emperor of Ethiopia to the King of Portugal, when Eskander died. He was succeded by his brother Naod, after the death of his son. Naod informed Pęro da Covilhă that he would have to remain in Ethiopia for the rest of his life according to the custom of the kingdom, but rewarded him lavishly and named him court advisor.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165013A;Name him court advisor;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165013B;Just lock him for good;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165014;Empress Eleni;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165014;New Ethiopian Emperors used to crown their mothers as Empresses. But in 1468, Baeda Maryam did not have a mother, since his had been killed by his father. He chose instead to crown another of his father's wives, childless Eleni. She was no ordinary woman. Despite her Muslim upbringing, she became well versed in Christian theology, writing religious books and sponsoring the translation of Greek and Arabic books to Geez. She always remained a very influential figure in court, being named co-regent on several occasions, but her role became critical when her step-grandson Naod died in battle against the Muslims. His oldest son, Egardos was only 7, but Eleni insisted on his crowning. The 80 years old Empress, supported by the Abuna (head of the Orthodox Church), was able to convince the council, and she was made Senior Regent until his coming of age, nine years later. Eleni named old Pęro da Covilhă royal counselor, and heeded his advice on a very serious matter. Pęro was worried about the increased Muslim power in the Red Sea and the effect that trade income was having on Adal. He recommended Eleni to seek an alliance with Portugal. Eleni decided to send an embassy to the King of Portugal.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165014A;An excellent Regent;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165015;Portuguese ambassadors;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165015;King Manuel of Portugal was very interested in preventing spice trade through the Red Sea. In 1520 a Portuguese fleet arrived and bombed Saylac, the port of Adal. They then proceeded to Massawa, the port of Ethiopia, where the Portuguese ambassadors dissembarked. They were prepared to sign an alliance with Ethiopia, but their timing was bad. Almost centenary Eleni had been dismissed, and her step great-grandson, Emperor Dawit II, better known as Lebna Dengel had just killed his main enemy, Imam Mahfuz of Adal. He was continuing a series of succesful campaigns against restless Muslims inside Ethiopia. Everybody was convinced that the Muslim menace had been checked, perhaps for good. Lebna Dengel gave his excuses to the ambassadors but said that Eleni's envoy lacked the authority to sign alliances. After a few years in the country, the ambassadors said goodbye to Pęro da Covilhă, who was now too old to travel, and left.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165015A;Dismiss them with good words;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165015B;Become a vassal of Portugal;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165016;War of extermination;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165016;It was too bad that Lebna Dengel had dismissed the Portuguese ambassadors in 1526, because the next year and without warning Adal had started a war like no other in the history of Ethiopia. Leaded by a mysterious warrior, that the Ethiopians called Grań (Left-handed), and his men called Ahmad al-Fath (the Conqueror), the armies of Adal had been trained in Ottoman tactics, and were armed with flintstock firearms. The Ethiopians were great warriors. Raised in the highlands, they are one of the strongest populations on earth, and their armies were 5 to 10 times superior in numbers. Yet the only thing that they could do against the modern armies of Adal was to make them pay a hefty price for their victories. So they suffered a great defeat at the Awash river in the battle of Shimbra Kure in 1529. Lebna Dengel had 16,000 cavalry and 200,000 infantry against Ahmad 560 cavalry and 12,000 soldiers. Although the Ethiopians were able to kill 5,000 soldiers of Adal, their loses were much higher. Afterwards Ahmad penetrated deep into the highlands, attacking Dawaro and Shewa in 1531, then Amhara, Lasta, Bale, Hadya, Sidama and the Gurage. With half of former Ethiopia under his control, in 1535 Ahmad invaded Tigray in the North, sacking the sacred city of Aksum and destroying the Cathedral were the emperors had been crowned for centuries. But the worst part was the damage inflicted to the people of Ethiopia and Adal by Ahmad, that would change their demography forever. To finance his military campaign against his bigger neighbour, Ahmad used a scorched earth tactic, laying waste to the land and selling every Ethiopian he could capture, Muslim or Christian, as a slave. No Christian priest or nun was left alive by him. Lebna Dengel, outmanoeuvred and out-musketed, fled from one province to another, trying to organize the resistance. There was no possibility of a peace agreement, as Ahmad was bent on the destruction of the Christian country. His elder son, Fiqtor, was killed in battle, and the youngest, Menas, was captured and sent as a slave to the Ottoman overlord of Yemen. In desperation, Lebna Dengel sent a plee for help to the King of Portugal. In doing that, he saved his country, but he would no see the result, as he died on the run, exhausted and miserable in 1540.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165016A;Now we need the Portuguese;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165017;Portuguese help arrives;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165017;When the Portuguese finally arrived, Ethiopia was in the verge of disintegration. The young Emperor Gelawdewos (Claudius) was on hiding with just a handful of loyals. His mother the Empress Sabla Wengel was under siege at the mountain of Debre Damo. The King of Portugal had sent Cristovăo da Gama, son of famous explorer Vasco da Gama and brother of the Viceroy of India, Estevăo da Gama. He came with 400 soldiers and 1000 arquebuses, plus some small cannons, but in Africa they were the equivalent of a full army. They didn't lose time and defeated Ahmad Grań three times in 1541. After the rainy season they met him again overconfident, but Ahmed had petitioned help to the Ottoman bey of Yemen, Zebid Pasha, offering vassalage, and he was granted 900 Turkish soldiers and additional arms. At the battle of Wofla, on August 28, 1542, the Portuguese were defeated by the far superior army of Ahmad. Over half of them were killed, and the wounded Cristovăo was captured, tortured and eventually beheaded. Believing the Portuguese destroyed, Ahmed dismissed 600 of the Ottomans to other duties, but was then confronted by the remaining Portuguese and the army of Gelawdewos, rearmed with the stored weapons. The battle of Wayna-Daga on February 21, 1543, was initially indecisive, but the Portuguese had sworn to avenge their leader, and singling out Ahmad, killed him. His army fell in confusion and was completely destroyed. The remaining of the forces of Adal abandoned Ethiopia and fell back to Harar. The war continued, now favorable to Ethiopia, and Bale was recovered.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165017A;Our saviours;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165018;The loss of Massawa;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165018;Despite their severe defeat, and the sacking of Harar in 1550, Adal regrouped under the leadership of Ahmad's nephew, Nur ibn Mujtahid. In 1556 he launched a two front coordinated attack with Ottoman help. The Ottomans, leaded by Ozdemur Pasha, conquered Massawa, the best port of the Red Sea, and the only one the Ethiopians had, but their attempt to reach the highlands failed against the determined resistance of Gelawdewos. The attack by Nur was an even worse failure, taking the life of the last of the Walashma sultans of Adal, Barakat. However Emperor Gelawdewos lost his life in battle and his head was taken to Harar. The loss of the port of Massawa to the Ottomans was a worse catastrophe for Ethiopia. They lost control of their trade, they could no longer buy firearms, and anybody traveling from the outside to Ethiopia had to do so in disguise. Never had been Ethiopia so isolated from the outside world.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165018A;Isolated from all;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165020;The disintegration of Adal;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165020;By 1567, the sultanate of Adal had been reduced to the city of Harar and the Oromo had cut her vital connection to the ports of Saylac and Barbera. What had been Adal disintegrated, part falling under control of Somalies, and most becoming Oromo lands. The Ottomans took control of the Red Sea ports as payment for their help. In 1575, Emir Muhammad IV made the mistake of joining the rebellion of the governor of a Muslim province in the North East of Ethiopia. He was captured and executed by Emperor Sarsa Dengel, and this defeat saw the end of Adal's last army. In 1577, the emir transferred the sultanate of Adal to the Aussa oasis in the Danakil depression. This desert below sea-level was located in no-mans land between the Afars, the Ottomans at Massawa and the Ethiopians. By moving to one of the nastiest places in Africa the sultanate prolonged its nominal existence until it was overrun by Afars and Oromo in 1672. The city of Harar, remained viable behind its walls, independent from the sultanate since 1647, as a city-state. It always has been Muslim, and today is considered the fourth sacred city of Islam. For all practical purposes, 1577 saw the end of Adal as a state. The Ethiopians probably didn't notice it. Due to the Oromo they had lost control over most of the South, that was self-ruled by petty kingdoms.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165020A;Enough of supporting my rebels;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165021;To whom the Muslims bow;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165021;The pity state to which Ethiopia had been reduced by the concerted attacks of Adal, the Ottomans and the Oromo, was further complicated by the death of Emperor Gelawdewos in battle against Adal, and his brother Menas of disease. Menas' son, prince Yishaq was only 14 years old. He took the king name of Sarsa Dengel, and was crowned as Malik Sagad, meaning ''To whom the Muslims bow''. He would make good his title, as soon he revealed himself as an extraordinary military leader. He destroyed once and for all the power of Adal in 1576, contributing to its final demise. In a series of campaigns, he completely broke the power of the non-Talmudic Jewish Falashas, turning them into a silent minority. He defeated the kingdom of Kefa, forcing his king to accept Christianity as the official religion, although the population did not convert. And he twice defeated the Turks, in 1578 and 1589, keeping them confined to the port of Massawa. Unfortunately he died before his time, after eating fish from a river ha had been warned by monks not to eat. Since his sons were too young, he had named his nephew Za Dengel as his heir. But the empress, his wife, had a different idea.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165021A;Make the Muslims bow;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165022;Slave trade;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165022;The continuous campaigns of Sarsa Dengel produced lots of Muslim and Jewish prisoners. He was able to improve the royal treasure by selling them as slaves, curiously to the Ottomans at Massawa.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165022A;Sell slaves;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165022B;This is a hateful business;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165023;Za Dengel and Pedro Páez;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165023;When Sarsa Dengel died, his nephew Za Dengel was supposed to inherit the crown, but the Empress widow, with the support of some nobles crowned the young son of Sarsa Dengel, Yaqob, as Malik Sagad II, capturing Za Dengel. But Za Dengel with the help of the powerful Ras (Duke) Za Selassie, and his cousin Susenyos, was capable of seizing the crown in 1603. Then Pedro Páez arrived to Ethiopia. He was a Spanish Jesuit from Madrid, who had studied at Coimbra, and had been sent to Ethiopia during the union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain. He soon learned not only Amharic, the court language, but also Ge'ez, the Ethiopian church language. He was an amazing man, and brought with him an Indian architect that revolutionized construction techniques in Ethiopia. Páez built several churches in Ethiopia, and the local architects learned their techniques. Those techniques would be later used in the castles of Gonder. Impressed by the many talents of Páez, and his prudence, Za Dengel named him his counselor.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165023A;Name Pedro Páez counselor;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165023B;Jesuits only bring trouble;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165024;Za Dengel becomes Catholic;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165024;Influenced by Pedro Páez, Za Dengel decided to convert to Catholicism. Páez told him to be careful and not announce it, but Za Dengel boldly decided to introduce changes in the Sabbath. Páez prudently decided to retire to the Jesuit base at Fremona, anticipating troubles. But in turning Catholic, Za Dengel gained powerful enemies. The Orthodox Church and his former supporter Ras Za Selassie took the side of former emperor Malik Sagad II Yaqob, and raised in arms. After defeating Za Dengel, Za Selassie had his eyes removed, his fingers cut, and then he had him trampled by horses to death. Yaqob was crowned again. However, Za Dengel's cousin and ally, Susenyos, continued the fight against his second cousin Yaqob.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165024A;Civil war;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165025;Danqaz;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165025;During his second rule, perhaps to legitimate himself, Malik Sagad II Yaqob decided to move his capital to Danqaz in Denebiya. There he built a palace complex of great splendor.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165025A;A brand new capital;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165025B;Enough capital shuffling;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165026;Susenyos, founder of the Gonder line;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165026;Susenyos refused to accept Yaqob as emperor, having been very close to his cousin Za Dengel. Susenyos had little chance against the nobility supporting Yaqob. However Susenyos was a resourceful military commander, and he enlisted the Oromo on his side. The Oromo had a very high military capability, and for the first time they were involved in the politics of their new country. From then on, the Oromo were a factor to be taken into consideration, becoming little by little the backbone of the Ethiopian army. Susenyos knew what he was doing. After defeating Ras Za Selassie, who took his side, he presented battle to the emperor Malik Sagad II Yaqob. During the battle Yaqob was killed, but his body was never found. To show the involvement of the Ethiopian Church in politics, the Abuna (Patriarch) Petros took command of Yaqob's army until he was also killed. Something that the Church would never forgive Susenyos. Emperor Susenyos was relatively removed from the main branch of the Solomonic kings of Ethiopia, starting the so-called Gonder line. To tighten lose ends, he had one of Yaqob's sons strangled, and organized a military expedition against the kingdom of Sennar (Nubia), where another son was rising an army, forcing him to exile to Rome. He also had two brothers of Yaqob beheaded. Susenyos also wrote several letters to Felipe III of Spain/Portugal asking for military help, but he never got it.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165026A;An accomplished commander;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165027;Susenyos and Pedro Páez;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165027;Susenyos was mesmerized by Pedro Páez too. He also took him as a counselor, and in one of their travels they reached the source of the Blue Nile in Lake Tana. Thus the Spaniard was the first European to see it and write about it, 150 years before Scottish James Bruce claimed the same feat. He was also the first European to describe the taste of coffee. Unfortunately his writings were not published until 1945. In his search of an alliance with Portugal, Susenyos finally decided to convert into Catholicism. Pedro Páez became the head of the official Catholic Church of Ethiopia, and while he was alive, he avoided confrontation with the Orthodox Church and the unconvinced subjects.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165027A;Convert to Catholicism;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165027B;Remain Orthodox;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165028;Alfonzo Mendez;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165028;The Jesuit order sent Alfonzo Mendez in 1624 to substitute Pedro Páez. He had himself invested as Abuna or Patriarch of the Ethiopian Catholic and Orthodox Church two years later. He then insisted in the observance of Catholic principles, even suppressing the traditional Orthodox calendar instating instead the Gregorian Roman calendar. The outrage was generalized, and soon rebellions against Susenyos started.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165028A;Religious unrest;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165029;Back to Orthodoxy;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165029;Susenyos was successful at putting down rebellions, but became disheartened from having to kill good subjects that did not challenge the negus but the religious change. He therefore decided to proclaim religious freedom, effectively returning to Orthodoxy, and stepped down, leaving his son Fasilides to rule Ethiopia.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165029A;End of a failed experiment;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165030;Expulsion of the Portuguese;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165030;The schism opened between the Portuguese and the Ethiopians during the rule of Susenyos was too wide. Soon after his ascension, Fasilides found the excuse to expel the Jesuits and other Portuguese from the country. Seven Jesuits that remained behind were killed.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165030A;Out with the troublemakers;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165030B;They are still useful;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165031;Impostor;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165031;Since the body of emperor Yaqob was never found, many refused to believe that he was death, preferring to think the he was in hiding. When a man with his face covered in bandages appeared and claimed to be Yaqob, he was believed by many, and he was able to raise an army and gain Church support. His bid to fame came to an abrupt end when he was defeated, captured and executed.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165031A;Damn him;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165032;Mount Wehni;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165032;With a system that allowed princes to compete for the crown, internal strife was every generation's bread and butter in Ethiopia. When Fasilides own son Dewitt rose in rebellion against him, the emperor, instead of killing him, revived the old custom of confining posible claimants on the top of a mountain. For over a hundred years many princes spent their lives in Mount Wehni with the lucky ones being brought out to reign.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165032A;How merciful;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165033;Expulsion of Catholics;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165033;Emperor Yohannes I increased religious prosecution, by expelling all Catholics in the kingdom, many of them descendants from Portuguese soldiers. He also issued that Muslims and Christians had to live segregated.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165033A;Promote religious homogeneity;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165033B;Allow religious heterogeneity;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165034;Tax, customs, and trade reform;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165034;Iyasu ''The great'' was a very able monarch. He brough a great reform to the laws concerning taxation, custom duties and trade regulations, increasing the wealth of the Ethiopian monarchy.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165034A;A great administrator;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165035;The great builder;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165035;Iyasu's ''greatness'' did not lay in his military achievements but in his civil ones. The palace he built in Gonder was described as finer than the House of Solomon himself. His inner walls decorated with ivory, mirrors and paintings of palm trees. His ceiling covered with gold leaf and precious stones. His most lasting achievement was the church of Debra Berham Selassie, the Light of Trinity, still in use.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165035A;Pinnacle of architecture;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165036;Ras Bejirond Yostos;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165036;Tekle Haymanot, the accursed, was quickly killed by some of his father's courtiers. Ras Bejirond (Chief treasurer) Yostos quickly seized power from the ailing Solomonic dynasty. He deposed 4 year old Tekle Haymanot's son Naod, and brought Tewoflos from his confinement at Mount Wehni. Tewoflos, another son of Iyasus, ordered the execution of his step-mother Malakotawit and three of her relatives for the killing of his father. However he also had to face rebellions. When Tewoflos proved to be too independent, Ras Bejirond Yostos had him poisoned, seizing the crown for himself, despite not being a member of the royal family.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165036A;Nobility take-over;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165037;Diplomatic insult;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165037;Iyasu II took offense at being called little by a representative of the King of Sennar (Nubia). He assembled an army and went to war.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165037A;I am insulted;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165037B;I am little;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165038;Failed expedition;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165038;The expedition of Iyasu II against Sennar (Nubia) was a disaster. 20,000 Ethiopians died and an icon of Christ and a fragment of the True Cross were lost to the enemy. It costed over 8,000 ounces of gold to recover them.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165038A;Disaster;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165039;A wasteful monarch;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165039;Iyasu II wasted all the royal treasure in palaces, mirrors imported from Europe an other luxuries. When he died, there was no money left in the royal coffers to bury him.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165039A;Bankruptcy;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165040;An Oromo emperor;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165040;Empress Mentewab had married his son Iyasu to an Oromo princess from Wollo, whose name was Wobit. She was baptized as Walatta Bersebeh before her marriage. When she tried to exert her share of power, she was ostracized by Mentewab. In vengeance, she raised his son as an Oromo. When Iyasu died, his son Iyoas was crowned emperor. To everybody's horror, Iyoas was only fluent in Oromo, and could barely speak Amharic. Soon a power struggle eructed between Mentewab party, and the Oromo relatives of Wobit. The emperor supported his mother against his grandmother, and appointed several of his Oromo uncles as generals.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165040A;Outrageous;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165041;Mikael ''the Astute'' Isqias;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165041;A noble of Tigray with some Solomonic blood, Mikael Sehul (the Astute), started his career by gaining control of the fortified city of Adwa. Located in the route between Gonder and Massawa, its possession gave him control of the main trade route in Ethiopia. By imposing taxes on trade, Mikael Sehul raised armies equipped with modern muskets. In 1759 he was made Ras of Tigray after getting rid of the previous one. He also married a daughter of Empress Mentewab, gaining the support of her powerful party. When the confrontation between Mentewab and her daughter-in-law Wobit, was about to start a civil war, he was called by the first to Gonder. He arrived with an army of 26,000 men, and displaced both parties, creating his own, based on the Amharic Christian nobility. He soon started squashing rebellions and defeating other parties, becoming the most powerful man in Ethiopia. He was recognized as such and the emperor was forced to invest him as Ras Bitwodad and Enderease (Viceroy) in 1768. However, emperor Iyoas resented his increasing power and the fall of his Oromo supporters.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165041A;Kingmaker;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 EVENTNAME165042;Christmas of terror;;;;;;;;;;
 EVENTHIST165042;After a rebellion that saw Mikael Sehul expelled from Gonder, dissensions within the rebel party between Oromos and Amharans, allowed him to regain his capital. His vengeance was terrible. He first slaughtered a troop of travelling actors that had performed a satire of him. He then relentless pursued anyone who had supported the rebels and executed them. Dozens were killed, including the Abuna (Patriarch of the Ethiopian Church). Their bodies were hewn to pieces and scattered through the streets, where they served as a feast for the hyenas, that entered the city at night attracted by the stench. Scottish explorer James Bruce wrote an eye-witness account of these events. Finally the rebels reached an agreement, and were able to defeat and capture Mikael Sehul, forcing him to retire and leave way to a new puppet-master.;;;;;;;;;;
 ACTIONNAME165042A;His last feat;;;;;;;;;;
 #;
 #;

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